Ashley Travis-Final Portfolio: Research Papers

In my statement of purpose, I say that I want my audience to think about how the making of cars in the past affects how cars are made in the future. This means that I am focusing less on the argument that old cars are not as safe as new cars, and having my focus on what to expect in the future from car companies. From all that, I need to come up with what my overall strategies will be.

I need to redirect my discussion towards what is possible to happen in the future of car industries. What are the effects of the self-driving car, is it safe or does it have safety issues, the effect it has on the world, and if the self-driving car a good or bad invention.

To change the argument requires that I make a sharp, clear, compelling distinctions between past and future cars. I need to make my readers feel that there might be something great happening to the car industries.

For my ethos, I need to avoid telling my readers about information they already know. They need to be aware of what is to come of the car industries, and that it could happen in our lifetime. I want to show readers that the self-driving car may help lower the numbers of car accidents’ death, and also help prevent greenhouse gases and toxic air pollution.

My logos I need to make what to expect with self-driving cars clear and understandable. I need to describe how old cars were made, and lead that into how cars are made today. After I described on how old cars and new cars are made, then I will discuss on how cars will be made in the future. Maybe I should tell different scenarios of car crashes, and how old, new, and self-driving cars would handle it.

My pathos will be from listening to other people talk about how they feel on the concept of a self-driving car. If they think it would be safe or not, and also overall would it be a good or bad invention. I believe the self-driving car will help lower the death rate in car accidents. Overall the invention of self-driving cars will be good, but of course as any inventions there will be some downfalls of it. I love the models of old cars so, it will be interesting to see what type of models the self-driving cars will come in.

Well, I will right a paper on this topic of car industries inventing a self-driving car and publish it on my blog. My thesis statement would probably go something like this: Cars had become a vast part of transportation with the downfall of people dying in car accidents, but the self-driving car is being developed to create a safer way to travel. I know I will have to talk about the development of cars over time. After giving the audience brief background knowledge of cars, then I will talk about the development of the self-driving car. Also I will spend time on how others people and car industries feel about the self-driving car. To produce this research paper I will have to research about how old and new cars were made. In addition, I will have to research information on the self-driving car. We will have time in class to do research on our topic, and also will develop a good thesis statement for the topic.

Annotated Bibliography

Urmson, C., and W. Whittaker. "Self-Driving Cars and the Urban Challenge." IEEE

Intelligent Systems 23.2 (2008): 66-68. Print.

Authors, Carnegie Mellon University research scholars, have been trying to create a car that will be self-efficient. They had set up a challenge called, the Urban Challenge, to test a self-efficient car that was created. The car seemed to run the course fine, but it is still a work in progress to make the car run smoothly with other factors around. This study is trying to provide a new safety feature in cars to help protect people around the world from car accidents. In contrast to the source cited below, this was more of testing the hypothesis whereas, the other source was more ideas of what to expect in the future.

Luntz, Stephen. "The Future of Cars." The Future of Cars 28.7 (2007): 24 - ff. Print.

The author is with General Motors Research & Development and Planning. He has been brainstorming on different ideas about how to improve cars. Some ideas that were brought up were self-efficient automobiles, electric cars, and fuel-efficient automobiles. Most of the ideas have been made since 2002, but the researchers at General Motors Research & Development and Planning are still looking of ways to improve. In contrast, the citation that is cited below this was more on the ideas of what to come, and not about the financial part of how much it will cost to bring these ideas to life.

Sperling, Daniel. "Rethinking the Car of the Future." Issues in Science and Technology

13.2 (1997): 29-34. ProQuest. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.

Three big motor companies (Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors) joined partnership, and worked on distributing the money on ideas that they want to bring to life. Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors discussed about putting money in creating a fuel-efficient and self-efficient car. This article section showed that the idea of these cars were in thought about in the past. Unlike the first citation, there was no research done in making these fuel-efficient and self-efficient cars, and was strictly a brainstorm of possibilities.

Weinberger, Rachel, Evelyn Blumenberg, and Karen Lucas. Auto Motives

Understanding Car Use Behaviours. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2011. eBook

Academic Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 10 Apr. 2014.

The editors of this book come from Ivy League Universities such as, Oxford, Pennsylvania, and California. This book includes many different chapters about how cars are made, and also why people need cars. Understanding automobiles will help see what needs improvements. I can use this book to explain the overview on how the automobile works. This book is unlike the other articles cited above because this gives information on how automobiles work now.

Meyer, Gereon, and Jürgen Valldorf. Advanced Microsystems for Automotive

Applications 2010: Smart Systems for Green Cars and Safe Mobility. Berlin:

Springer, 2010. Print.

These authors were highly educated from good universities. They write about how new advances for cars are made. Whenever there is new advance, there is a protocol that needs to be done to make sure it is safe. The authors describe what protocol is taken for that. I can use this book to describe the protocol of new ideas being tested. This book has similar studies on the electric car just like what Hoffman said, but unlike Hoffman this states protocol.

Brown, Stuart F. "The Future of Cars." Scientific American 301.5 (2009): 88-92.

Stuart F. Brown is an intelligent scientist on future cars. His article that he wrote goes through his research on what is to come to us on future cars. I like how this article discusses what he plans to do to create a new car that is better fuel-efficient or self-efficient. He has observed other fuel-efficient cars, and is looking in ways to improve them. I can use his observations to support my research paper. Brown is similar to the article that I have cited above.

Turner, Larry, Robert Larsen, Michael Duoba, Scott Mcbroom, Ashok Nedungadi, and

Keith Wipke. "Modeling future automobiles: The role of industry and government." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 19 (2000): 1036-044.

The authors of Modeling future automobiles: The role of industry and government are highly train engineers. Their job as an engineer is not only to brainstorm ideas on how to change the way cars are made, but also to bring their ideas to life. They believe in the next twenty years, a self-efficient car should be made. They are doing research in making sure this goal is possible. I can use this in my research paper by talking about how they are going to try, and make their goal possible in the next twenty years. This article is unique because these engineer researchers have a plan, and goal set.

Chester, Mikhail, and Arpad Horvath. "High-speed rail with emerging automobiles

and aircraft can reduce environmental impacts in California’s future." Environmental Research Letters 7 (2012): 034012.

This article was written by a scientist from California, they researched on the matter of automobiles and aircrafts. In the lab they research and test their hypothesis on automobiles and aircrafts. They did test different cars running on different fuels than gasoline, and this was to see which is the best fuel economy. Self-driving cars have yet for them to create, and be tested. I can use how they tested the different cars on various fuels to find a good fuel economy car. The authors who wrote this article are similar to many of the other citations.

Research Paper

Automobiles Harming Our Health

Since the late 19^th century, automobiles have been around. Automobiles have been changing over periods of time, and still changing today. Stuart F. Brown is an intelligent scientist on future cars. His article that he wrote goes through his research on what is to come to us on future cars. (88-92) Like Brown, Gereon Meyer and Valldorf Jürgen think about future automobiles. These authors were highly educated from good universities. They write about how new advances for cars are made. Whenever there is new advance, there is a protocol that needs to be done to make sure it is safe. The authors describe what protocol is taken for that. (100-105) To reflect on what is to come to us on future cars is the last step therefore; the first step understands how cars are made, and why people need cars. The editors of this book come from Ivy League Universities such as, Oxford, Pennsylvania, and California. This book includes many different chapters about how cars are made, and also why people need cars. We need automobiles because they help us get to places more quickly, and lowers the risks of being rob on a bus/ train, or even waiting at a bus stop/ train stop. Another advantage of having a vehicle that is capable to hold heavy amount of luggage. Now, with every object there are

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disadvantages. Some disadvantages we see are accidents, or people getting to lazy to walk even if it is just down the road. A big disadvantage that still occurs today is the expenses that come with a vehicle, and the harm to the environment. People recognize the problems and tend to resolve it by improving. Understanding automobiles will help see what needs improvements. Automobiles can be complicated to understand at times. When gasoline was found harming the environment, and the cost was raised people looked for a fuel-efficient vehicle. Not having fuel-efficient vehicle damages our environment because the carbon dioxide, socio-economics, and personal finance.

As the years went on, more automobile companies have been established. Each company creates their own models of the automobile to sell to their consumers. Consumers usually buys automobiles by what they see advertised by one of the automobile companies. The top three big motor companies (Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors) joined partnership, and worked on distributing the money on ideas that they want to bring to life. Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors discussed about putting money in creating a fuel-efficient and self-efficient car. This article by Daniel Sperling, author for Issues in Science and Technology, explained that the idea of these cars were in thought about in the past. (29-34) Stephen Luntz is with General Motors Research & Development and Planning. Luntz has been brainstorming on different ideas about how to improve cars. Some ideas that were brought up were self-efficient automobiles, electric cars, and fuel-efficient automobiles. Most of the ideas have been made since 2002, but the researchers at

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General Motors Research and Development and Planning are still looking of ways to improve. (24-ff) Carbon dioxide is defined as a colorless, odorless gas, and is formed by burning organic compounds and carbon, and also formed by respiration. Gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles generate greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide that subsidizes to change in the global climate. Fuel-efficient cars reduce the amount of gases that causes global warming such as carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is global, and harms done to the atmosphere causes global climate change where the temperature escalates due to the discharge of fuel from automobiles. Exhaust and other emissions formed by vehicles are unescapably harmful to both the environment and personal health. People that have asthma and other lung problems’ lives are in jeopardy. As greenhouse gases grows, smog ranks grows, and tiny particles floating around in the air causing breathing problems. Pollution became a serious problem for most cities around the world. The vehicle’s exhaust generates most of the particles that contribute to the forming of pollution. When less fuel burns then it reduces the total of these particles freed into the air. An escalation in the average temperature partakes an effect on the elderly, people with different heart problems, asthmatics, and even young children and those who are homeless and lives on the streets are specifically exposed and defenseless to rise in heat, which we see when greenhouse gases rise. Fuel-efficient vehicles lessen the sum of pollution that is let out into the air. There is less output of pollution because fuel-efficient vehicles use less gasoline per mile than the traditional vehicles. Traditional vehicles run on gasoline whereas, hybrid vehicles

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run on gasoline and an electric motor, both help run the automobile. A hybrid vehicle runs extremely fuel-efficient. The fuel parts of the vehicles power by pure hydrogen omit no greenhouse gases from the tailpipe, just water and heat. The fuel part vehicles driven by pure hydrogen lets out no hurtful pollutants. If the hydrogen created from fossil fuels, which a few pollutants are made, but is not as much as the amount generated by traditional vehicle tailpipe emissions. Fuel parts vehicles need to still improve in lowering the amount of pollutants, but for now they are better than traditional automobiles. C. Urmson and W. Whittaker, authors from Carnegie Mellon University research scholars, have been trying to create a car that will be self-efficient. They had set up a challenge called, the Urban Challenge, to test a self-efficient and fuel-efficient car that was created. The car seemed to run the course fine, but it is still a work in progress to make the car run smoothly with other factors around. (66-68) This relates back to Meyer and Jürgen and how testing is done.

When we have a fuel-efficient automobile we damage socio-economics. Socio-economics deals with the collaboration concerns of social and economic features. These features play a role in automobile production. When creating an automobile, automakers rely on socio-economics, what people want and safety for the environment. Safety for the environment would be producing a vehicle that is fuel efficient, or as vehicle advertise their vehicles as better fuel economy. The fuel economy connects to many other aspects related to the world’s economy. A fuel-efficient vehicle reduces the consumer’s requirement for gasoline. When the requirement for gasoline decreases the beneficial effects increases. A first benefit is,

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it lets consumers to share money to a more domestic area of economics, thereby establishing those areas. Another benefit, it dismisses some of the tension on the supply of global fuels, which assist restore features of global and economies. Also the supply of global fuels allows for development towards a more environmental use of energy. The world does not have an infinite amount of petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource, having fuel-efficient vehicles permits time for more environmental energy sources to develop. Of course, experiments to find out about how fuel-efficient helps the environment. Mikhail Chester and Horvath Arpad, scientist from California, researched on the matter of automobiles and aircrafts. In the lab they research and test their hypothesis on automobiles and aircrafts. They did test different cars running on different fuels than gasoline, and this was to see which is the best fuel economy. (25-27) Fuel economy does have standards that need to be included when forming an experiment. A standard could be the automaker creating a more efficient model that reduces the carbon dioxide levels, which the effects of high carbon dioxide levels is discussed in the above paragraph. A second fuel economy standard might be a failure that is an effect when consumers lack the benefits of improving the energy efficiency. All that means is they do not follow opportunities of economical cost to fix the energy efficient to the full potential it should be. Some researchers that follow these standards are getting closer to making an even better fuel-efficient automobile than we have today. Keith Wipke, author of Modeling future automobiles: The role of industry and government are highly train engineers. Their job as an engineer is not only to brainstorm ideas

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on how to change the way cars are made, but also to bring their ideas to life. They believe in the next twenty years, a self-efficient and a better fuel-efficient car should be made. They are doing research in making sure this goal is possible. (1036-1044) It is interesting to see how far the making of automobiles has come! The advances of technology allow automakers to create fuel-efficient automobiles, and imagine new ways in improving them to save the environment and the people. Just like how C. Urmson and W. Whittaker are testing out their ideas on a new fuel-efficient automobile.

People who have the traditional gasoline driven automobile are hurting their own wallet. Automobiles cost us how much the car cost, gas to fill it, and car insurance. Also people like to keep money aside just incase something goes wrong with the car such as: a flat tire, new transmission, new battery etc. Having a traditional vehicle is raising a personal, financial debt. It raises the financial debt by having the vehicle cost too much thus, making car insurance cost more, and the vehicle eats too much gasoline. When we think of gasoline for our cars the thought of how much it is going to cost us comes to mind. Our mind sometimes ponders on if we trade our car in for a more fuel-efficient car. Adapting to a fuel-efficient vehicle will allow a person to keep a large sum of money. Traditional gasoline driven automobile costs more than purchasing a hybrid or fuel-efficient automobile. This means a person purchasing a fuel-efficient vehicle will have less car payments rather than, a person purchasing the traditional vehicle. A person that has the less payment will obtain to have more cash sooner. While some vehicles are enhanced

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for certain custom like urban, as opposing to rural environments, or it may be vise versa. Fuel-efficient vehicle will lessen a person’s payments for gasoline in urban or rural environment. Payments for these fuel-efficient automobiles are lower than the traditional automobiles that drive on gasoline. On television we see car companies advertise for low down payments starting at eighty dollars, but as consumers, we need to think about if this is a good deal, or am I going to be paying more because the car is not fuel-efficient. Advertising agencies never acknowledge the catch therefore, we end up thinking we are getting a good deal, but in the end we are paying an outrageous amount for gasoline. Many times people buy an automobile because it looks sharp, and they do not think of the expense of gas it will cost them to fill up their automobile every week. When buying a vehicle a person should answer the questions: How many miles do I plan on driving after I purchase the vehicle? How much does gasoline cost per gallon? Gasoline these days are over $3.80 per gallon so, one could see that having a fuel-efficient automobile is better because they will not be stopping at the gas station often to fill up their automobile. The price of gasoline growth increases about every two weeks, which means we are losing more money from our wallet. To compare the amount of miles per gallon a person gets with a Toyota Prius is 60 miles per gallon (mpg) in the city and 51 mpg on the highway than, a Jeep Liberty that gets 15 mpg in the city and 21 mpg on the highway. As you can see by the comparison above you will be spending less time at the gas station with the Toyota Prius than the Jeep Liberty. In fact, a person with a hybrid vehicle can travel for more than 600 miles between fill-ups. This means the

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person will be able to lower the number of visits to the gas station in half thus, saving the person money and time.

Not having fuel-efficient vehicle damages our environment because the carbon dioxide, socio-economics, and personal finance. The world relies more on automobiles than it did in the late 19^th century. A good amount of people depends on vehicles to get them around to places they need to go like, school, work, grocery store, bank etc. The more people depend on cars than that mean more cars are out on the road to produce pollutants in the air. To summarize what pollutant is let in the air would be carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide only becomes harmful when there is too much produced in the air, and not enough plants to absorb the carbon dioxide. This gas is one of the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases damages the world creating global warming. Another thing that gets damage by traditional automobiles is socio-economics. Socio-economics for fuel-efficient vehicles focus on the safety of the people and environment, and also what the people demand. Lastly, traditional vehicles are hurting our personal finance. Money is leaving are wallets increasingly because it all goes towards gasoline. Fuel-efficient automobiles allow only some money to leave the wallet, which more importantly means the person is saving money. Next time when considering an automobile, think about if that car is releasing too much carbon dioxide, or damaging the socio-economics and personal finance.

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Bibliography